Essay on Rabbit Proof Fence - 1109 Words

Rabbit Proof Fence in the context of Australian identity: In the introductory lecture our attention was focused on a number of core themes which run throughout the course. One such theme was the concept of a nation and the way in which cultural products of the nation shape our sense of identity. Rabbit Proof Fence is an important film to examine within this context as it is the first international film to examine the issue of Australias Stolen Generation. The film brought the story of the Australian Stolen Generation to a wide audience, both nationally and internationally. Today I am going to consider what kind of impact the film had and also a number of important points concerning the film. The film is an adaptation of the†¦show more content†¦The film runs through a simple, yet effective plot of abduction, incarceration, escape, pursuit and finally homecoming. The film removes all extraneous material for example the initial journey from Jigalong to the Moore River native settlement is condensed. Therefore it is evident that the film privileges narrative interpretation over historical accuracy. To what extent do Hollywood narrative conventions override the historical Aboriginal experience which is fore grounded in the book? The film combines documentary techniques with emotive scenes to encourage a certain response from the audience. The documentary footage acts to encourage the audience to see the film as one of truth and realism. The film is introduced by the living Molly who speaks in dialect and ends with documentary like footage of herself and Daisy walking over the land. These scenes attempt to frame the narrative as one of truth and place the narrative in context. Moreover, theShow MoreRelatedRabbit Proof Fence Essay672 Words   |  3 PagesRabbit-Proof Fence Summary: An overview of the ways in which the film Rabbit-Proof Fence conveys the importance of home, family, and country to indigenous peoples. The film Rabbit-Proof Fence conveys the importance of home and country to indigenous peoples. The director Phillip Noyce refers to home in different ways. He has symbolised home by repeatedly showing images of the Spirit Bird and the Rabbit Proof Fence, since it is a connection to their home. The movie shows Mollys determinationRead MoreSymbolism In Rabbit Proof Fence1306 Words   |  6 Pagesfoundational to the historical contrast that divides Australian society. The volume of this irrational prejudice through the perpetuation of dominant western ideologies depicted Aborigines as treacherous and unscrupulous. In contrast, the riveting Rabbit Proof Fence film released in 2002 and directed by Philip Noyce, eschews bigotry by illuminating a dense history of racist and distorted Aboriginal representations. Furthermore, it chronicles the ordeal of the Stolen Generation which included abducting half-castRead MoreRabbit Proof Fence Essay728 Words   |  3 Pagesindividual (and combinatio ns of several) techniques to reprensent the concept of the physical journey and specifically that it is the journey, not the destination that matters. Noyce has used a number of filimic and literary techniques thoughout â€Å"Rabbit Proof Fence† to ddo this. The use of symbolism, lighting, characterisation and camera angles all enable Noyce to express the physical journey being explored. The cover of Kellehers’ novel ______ uses visual techniques such as colour, blending and dark patchesRead MoreThe Rabbit Proof Fence, Remembering Babylon, And Puddn1391 Words   |  6 PagesFollow the Rabbit Proof Fence, Remembering Babylon, and Puddn’head Wilson all contain numerous references to borders of various kinds, both literal and figurative. Focusing on two of the above texts, answer the following question: what do these borders represent? The ideas of borders, boundaries and border crossings are increasingly employed in a metaphorical sense that does not always refer to the physical border. These borders are progressively used to represent social and cultural boundaries.Read MoreReview of Rabbit Proof Fence by Phillip Noyce Essay663 Words   |  3 PagesReview of Rabbit Proof Fence by Phillip Noyce Introduction In the Rabbit Proof Fence, Phillip Noyce, the writer, takes into account the conflicting opinions over the stolen generation policy. This was an Australian policy which involved taking half-caste aboriginals away from their families and homes, to be brought up in a white society. The policy was in operation between the 1930s and the 1960s. One of the main justifications for the policy, was to educate Read More How Noyce Creates Empathy for the Main Characters in the Film: Rabbit Proof Fence831 Words   |  4 PagesRabbit Proof Fence is a great film based on the real tale and experiences of three young Aboriginal girls, Molly, Gracie and Daisy, who were taken against their will from their families in Jigalong, Western Australia in 1931. The film puts a human face on the Stolen Generation, an event which categorized links between the government and Aborigines in Australia for a lot of the 20th century. The opening sequence of the Rabbit Proof Fence introduces you to the Aboriginal people. The sceneRead MoreDiscuss the Symbolism and Motifs in the ‘Rabbit Proof Fence’. What Do They Represent and How Do They Contribute to the Story?968 Words   |  4 PagesRabbit Proof Fence Discuss the symbolism and motifs in the ‘Rabbit Proof Fence’. What do they represent and how do they contribute to the story? The film ‘Rabbit Proof Fence’ conveys the importance of family, belonging and country to the Aboriginal people and provides the audience with an insight of the division between the Europeans and the Aboriginal people. The Director, Philip Noyce displays these themes by the use of symbolism and motifs. Symbolism is the use of one object to representRead MoreRabbit Proof Fence1412 Words   |  6 PagesRabbit Proof Fence (2002) â€Å"Three little girls. Snatched from their mothers arms. Spirited 1,500 miles away. Denied their very identity. Forced to adapt to a strange new world. They will attempt the impossible. A daring escape. A run from the authorities. An epic journey across an unforgiving landscape that will test their very will to survive. Their only resources, tenacity, determination, ingenuity and each other. Their one hope, find the rabbit-proof fence that might just guide them home. ARead MoreRabbit Proof Fence1822 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent techniques in the film ‘Rabbit Proof Fence’ directed by Phillip Noyce, The book cover ‘Odyssey’ by homer illustrated by Alan Baker and the poem ‘Night Ride’ by Kenneth Slessor. In ‘Rabbit Proof Fence’ directed by Phillip Noyce techniques such as, symbolism, language, lighting, camera angles and shots, imagery, music, sound and setting are used to represent the concept of journey and that ‘the journey, not the arrival matters’. The three girls in Rabbit Proof Fence, Molly, Gracie and Daisy areRead MoreThe Rabbit Proof Fence Analysis1052 Words   |  5 Pagesconform them to their rules during the 1930’s. The film on the other hand, The Rabbit Proof Fence (TRPF), released in 2002 and directed by Phillip Noyce, is the suspenseful story of three young girls, Molly, Gracie, and Daisy who were torn from their home to be forced to train as domestic servants. It follows their harrowing 1,500-mile-long journey from the Moore River settlement back to their home along the rabbit proof fence. Both the novel and the film utilise the generic conventions of language and

Women and Frailty in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay - 1330 Words

Women and Frailty The two women in Shakespeares tragic play Hamlet play larger parts than meets the eye. These two women embody the saying, there are no small parts, only small actors. While Gertrude, Hamlets mother, and Ophelia, Hamlets lover, are very different and lead different lives, they suffer similar fates. Both women have control not of their lives but of their deaths.Gertrude and Ophelia are anything but independent women. The two women need and rely on the strength of the men in their lives. Once they stray away from these influential men, the women find their ultimate demise. Gertrude, the Queen of Denmark, appears to have no genuine thoughts. She agrees with her husband each time he opens his mouth. While Hamlet†¦show more content†¦O, most wicked speed, to post/ With such dexterity to incestuous sheets!/ It is not, nor it cannot come to good./ But break my heart, for I must hold my tongue (I, ii, 153-159). Hamlets attitude soon changes. Hamlet does care about his mother and does not want to hurt her too much. He makes this very evident when he gives his speech for the fifth soliloquy. Hamlet remarks that he must do as his father asked and not punish him mother: Soft, not to my mother./ O heart, lose not thy nature; let not ever/ The soul of Nero enter this firm bosom./ Let me be cruel, but not unnatural;/ I will speak daggers to her, but use none./ My tongue and soul in this be hypocrites:/ How in my words somever she be shent,/ To give them seals never, my soul, consent! (III, iii, 400-407) Hamlet knows that what he has to do, he must follow his fathers wishes, all of them. Not only did the ghost request that Hamlet avenge his death but he made sure to keep a watchful eye on his wife. Hamlet gets carried away while speaking with his mother in her bedroom forgetting what he has said about being cruel, but not unnatural. He raises his voice to his mother crying out his feeling: Sense sure you have,/ Else could you not have motion, but sure that sense/ Is apoplexed, for madness would not err,/ NorShow MoreRelatedWomen ´s Role in Othello by William Shakespeare717 Words   |  3 PagesFrailty, thy Name is Woman Women stereotypically are portrayed as a weak gender. Often women are given the roles in which they must rely on the protection and permission of men to go about both action and idea. When conflict occurs between any male characters, the female character can be torn and forced to make a decision in which no matter the decision, she will be put in a bad view. When the demand for a woman to have allegiance to a man’s will and subsequently given no opinion or independentRead MoreWomen s Tragedy : Hamlet And King Lear1185 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Pitchford ENGL 4037 24 November 2015 Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies: Hamlet and King Lear While William Shakespeare’s Tragedies are well known for their violence, tragic heroes, and fatal flaws, the method in which Shakespeare portrays his female characters in a negative light is seldom expressed. The women of Shakespeare’s Tragedies are represented unfavorably, no matter if they are virtuous or evil. â€Å"Shakespeare’s plays are not lacking in women with positive human qualities, and some ofRead MoreWomen s Liberty Through Literature1105 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 4 AP Literature Mrs. Johnson  The role of women in society has been well documented through world literature. Works such as The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, Hamlet by William Shakespeare,The Education of Women by Daniel Defoe, and A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen. These works come from a wide variety of time periods, they range from the middle ages to the modern era, where the first was published around 900 years before the last.  Women make up approximately half of the population ofRead MoreEssay about Hamlet - He Loves Her? He Loves Her Not?934 Words   |  4 Pages The Elizabethan play Hamlet by William Shakespeare is without a doubt one of Shakespeare’s most puzzling plays. Although the play has a concise story, it is filled with many questions pertaining to different topics behind the story line. One question in particular is did Hamlet really love Ophelia? This argument can be supported in both directions, however I feel that Hamlet did love Ophelia. Support for this decision comes from Hamlet’s treatment towards Ophelia in Act 3, Scene 2, and at Ophelia’sRead MoreHamlets Loss of Faith1323 Words   |  6 PagesThere comes a time in one’s life when he loses faith in his beliefs or in his relationships. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, Hamlet’s uncle Claudius, murders Hamlet’s father to inherit the crown of Denmark and the love of Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude. Throughout the play there are six soliloquies that reveal the character of Hamlet and others. In more than any other Shakespearean pla y, the audience is painted a better picture of Hamlet’s mind. Shakespeare questions the social and Christian institutionsRead MoreGender Inequality In Hamlet1261 Words   |  6 Pagesarticle, The Baju Culture, discriminatory policy and the anti-feminism were the reasons China only had two female leaders. However, when observing the world trend, it seems many opportunities and resources are granted to women. Many articles of The New York Times reveal young women as being less dependent on men, higher achievers, ahead of men in education, receiving higher earnings, even referring this moment as the period of a â€Å"reverse gender gap†. Despite the decrease in the gender gap, with theRead MoreStruggle and Disillusionment in Hamlet Essays919 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare’s employment of dramatic struggle and disillusionment through his character Hamlet, contributes to the continued engagement of modern audiences. The employment of the soliloquy demonstrates Sh akespeare’s approach to the dramatic treatment of these emotions. The soliloquy brings a compensating intimacy, and becomes the means by which Shakespeare brings the audience not only to a knowledge of secret thoughts of characters, but into the closest emotional touch with them too. Through thisRead MoreHamlet: a Feminist Approach Essay examples1224 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet: A Feminist Approach Sexism: the belief or attitude that one sex is inherently superior to, more competent than, or more valuable than the other (most commonly used for male superiority). This idea that women are weak is not a new one in the modern world. It has been studied for countless years along with the concept of a patriarchal society. A patriarchy is defined as a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. Such systems currentlyRead MoreThe Role Of Women in Hamlet Essay1063 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare exemplified this in his revenge tragedy Hamlet, written in 1601 with one of the most significant characters, Gertrude. She is central to the plot due to her relationship with the main character, Hamlet, being his mother. However, not only is she the mother to the tragic hero Hamlet, she is also widow to his laid father, King Hamlet Senior, and also newly wed to Hamlets uncle, Claudius. In this tragic play, we witness not only the downfal l of women of the play in general, but specifically theRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1413 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play Hamlet focuses on Hamlet, a 30-year old man who tries to seek revenge for his father. Reading the play and looking at it through a contemporary lenses, one can assume the title character is homosexual. Even though Shakespeare does not mean for hamlet to be a homosexual, a contemporary reader can assume this argument; through Hamlet’s characterization and misogynistic relations. Hamlet social aspects has an apparent fluctuation, ever since he encountered his father’s ghost

Essay on Prestcom Free Essays

Political– Currently we are fairly stable politically which can help trade run smoothly. Energy Saving initiatives can help boost the sales of the Dyson Airblade if for example businesses receive a grant to help pay for the replacement of inefficient electrical appliances e. g traditional style hand dryers. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Prestcom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Regulatory– The product has to be safe to use as it involves electricity and water. Has to be easy to clean so hygienic. Also not damaging to the user e. g the airjets being too powerful. Economic– Coming out of a recession so businesses may be less inclined to spend money on new appliances, especially ones with a premium price tag such as the Airblade. However it may mean companies are more likely to look into energy saving alternatives to products to try and save money on electricity. Social– Socially people are more likely to want to protect the environment and may be more likely to look into energy saving options such as the Dyson Airblade. Socially companies may be pressurised into investing into environmentally friendly options. Technology– The dyson Airblade uses cutting edge state of the art technology. Competitors– Quite a lot of alternative products which offer very similar benefits but at a lower price such as the Xcelarator and the Airforce. Opportunities– Dyson could release a cheaper product but carries the same dyson brand name, this could draw sales away from cheaper hand dryers as people may be attracted by the brand of dyson. Market– One of the market leaders expensive but top of the range, may be seen as a premium product, carriers the dyson brand name which means it is highly thought of, however there are lots of cheaper alternatives availiable. How to cite Essay on Prestcom, Essay examples

The identity of a Filipino today Essay Sample free essay sample

†The individuality of a Filipino today is of a individual inquiring what is his individuality. † – Nick Joaquin When I bought this book a twosome of months ago. I instantly skimmed the first two pages. I did believe that this was a book about a female character with anatomical malformation and the book was about what caused the malformation and what should be done to rectify it. I thought that this book would do me infinitely laugh. Having formed that pathetic image in my head. I set this book aside. There were and there still are so many books by foreign writers that beckon on me. Besides. merely like most Filipinos. I ever thought that foreign books were far better than local 1s even those by our local literary greats. On many counts. I was terribly incorrect. First. this novel has nil to make with the survey of medical specialty. anthropology or anatomy. It is a novel that every Filipino should be proud of. It is a fresh written by a Filipino about Filipinos and for the Filipinos. However. it does non prophesy. It does non self-deprecate. It does non advance self-interest nor does it promote us Filipinos to detest ourselves and wish that we were of different nationalities. This novel is portion of who we are as it shows a polar portion in our nation’s history and how our race was formed or came into being by acquiring nutriment from two colonisers. kindred to two umbilicuss: those of Mother Spain’s and Mother USA’s. The two states that greatly influenced our nation’s mind and will everlastingly be portion of who we are as an Asiatic race. But I was right excessively. It made me eternal laugh. But non for the idea of a individual holding two umbilicuss. I laughed infinitely albeit mutely as I grieved approximately holding to recognize how much I’ve been losing while I prioritize foreign writers in my book picks. I besides unashamedly laughed recognizing how deformed inquiring myself who we are as a raceour civilization is and we merely couldn’t do anything about it. Nicomedes â€Å"Onching† . today merely â€Å"Nick† Joaquin ( 1917-2004 ) was awarded the National Artist for Literature trophy in 1976. This award is the highest national acknowledgment given to Filipino creative persons who have made important parts to the development of Philippine humanistic disciplines and to the cultural heritages of the state. He was said to be the Greatest Filipino author of the twentieth century and 3rd to Rizal and Recto as the greatest Filipino author of all time. He was # 1 in Filipino authors list in English. Dr. Alejandro Roces compared him to William Faulkner. His Portrayal of the Artist as Filipino is said to be the most of import Filipino drama in English. Before his decease due to cardiac apprehension in 2004. he was a friend and the biographer of the former president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. After his decease. this pedant with a gift of entire callback. expressed his want of donating the 3. 000 books from his personal library to Univer sity of Santo Thomas. He did non get married. Without supplying excessively many spoilers. the narrative is about a Connie Escobar who claims to hold two umbilicuss. She discloses this to a Filipino physician. Pepe Monson who is one ( the other being the priest Father Tony ) of the two boies of a former rich Filipino man of affairs who is concealing in Hong Kong to avoid postwar tests of station war independency. Connie is in Hong Kong seemingly to trail a set participant Paco Texiera even if she is already married to Macho Escobar. However. Connie says that she left the Philippines to run off from her hubby because he is holding an matter with her female parent Senora de Vidal. The novel’s subject of force per unit area of the past upon the present is similar to G. G. Marquez’ One Hundred Old ages of Solitude although Joaquin did non cover as many coevalss as Marquez did. In fact. Connie has merely the relationship between her hubby and female parent as the immediate yesteryear that greatly affect her present. However. the symbolisms are clear. Connie suffers due to the strong influence of her female parent when she was turning up ( with the incident about the dolls as the image that got etched in my head ) and the injudiciousnesss the female parent did in holding extra-marital personal businesss. All these while the purportedly the strong patriarch Don Manolo Vidal was busy protecting his concern and his political sod. Don Vidal can be likened to the Filipino business communities who sided to whoever was in power during the Spanish and American businesss merely to protect their involvement while overlooking the involvement of the many hapless provincials ( symbolized by Connie Escobar ) . This is non an easy read though. Joaquin’s narrative is confounding particularly in the first 50 pages of the book due to assorted points of position and multiple flows of ideas in merely one paragraph. I worked for two old ages in Hong Kong and I thought it would hold been more interesting if Joaquin took clip to depict his surroundings for imagery impact. He besides did non fall back to utilizing local linguistic communications or phrases. e. g. . Chinese nor in Filipino. to give genuineness to the spoken duologues. Last. I did non detect any attempt to give distinct and recognizable voices at least to the chief characters. All the voices seem to be coming from the same individual. However. the secret plan is superb. My first clip to read a local book with Hong Kong and Philippines as scenes. Prior to this. I thought that the post-war ( WWII ) epoch has been that portion of Philippine history that seems to be â€Å"untouched† by fictional authors. This was due to the fact that many literary plants chiefly focused on the clip when the WWII was on-going. Joaquin’s usage of his characters to typify the bigger range – the Philippines as it is seeking to lift from the ashes – is amazing and the impact is comparable to the purpose that Dr. Jose Rizal likely had when he was composing his Noli and Fili. I will be reading Joaquin’s Cave and Shadows and Tropical Gothic following to cognize more about the adult male.

How to Integrate SWOT and QFD in an Organization

Introduction SWOT is an acronym for Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats. Strengths and Weaknesses are internal while Opportunities and Threats are external attributes of an organizational environment (Ghazinoory et al., 2011). QFD stands for Quality Function Deployment, a strategic management technique for transforming the consumer needs into quality design products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How to Integrate SWOT and QFD in an Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are four houses of quality in QFD. They include Product planning matrix, Part deployment matrix, Process-planning matrix, and Production control matrix (Kumar et al., 2006). Production planning matrix deals with identification of customer needs and market competitors. Part deployment and process planning matrices deal with production control mechanisms. Production matrix deals with control of the final products. The contr ols of the final product include quality and quantity controls (Kumar et al., 2006). The quality of the products should meet the expectations of consumers. The quantity of the outputs should be sufficient to meet the market demand and supply. The audience In this paper, the target audience is customers who consume organizational products. According to Bobrek and Sokovic (2006), the main concern of customers is satisfaction of their needs at affordable prices. Therefore, business organizations must strive for survival by ensuring that all customer concerns are satisfied. Problem The main problems faced by organizations in this context include identification of customer needs and market competitors. SWOT analysis is used by the organization in assessing its strengths and weaknesses against available opportunities and market threats. In this context, the strengths of the organization in question could be its brand position on the market, product differentiation, and quality customer se rvice. Threats are market competitors and new market entrants (Ghazinoory et al., 2011). The threats could come from competitive brand qualities and prices of market rivals. The first house of QFD can help organizational managers in identifying market competitors. In this regard, the organization is supposed to carry out market scanning to establish the existing competitors. Upon identification of market rivals, the organization in question should embark on competitor analysis. Competitor analysis identifies the strengths and weaknesses of market rivals (Kumar et al., 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Recommendation In order to integrate SWOT analysis and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) effectively to gain a competitive advantage, the organization should use production planning matrix to identify competitors and consumer needs(Kumar et al., 2006). Then SWOT analysis s hould be employed to identify the strengths and weaknesses of market competitors. The organization should use weaknesses of competitors as an opportunity for business growth. Quality Function Deployment is essential in designing consumer products that meet market expectations. Part deployment, process planing and production control matrices ensure that high quality products are produced at minimum costs. The strategies an organization should employ in lowering production costs include the use of technology in production processes and use of cheaper production materials. Automation of production processes reduces human labour force, which in turn reduces labour costs. Automation also ensures high production rate and high output quality. Conclusion The employment of QFD allows the organization to produce high quality products at low production costs. The high quality products are critical in gaining a competitive advantage against competitors. The low production cost allows the organi zation to set lower prices, which serve as a competitive advantage against the market rivals. The outcome of high quality products at a lower price should be a rise in the volume of sales and profit margins. References Bobrek, M., Sokovic, M. (2006). Integration concept and synergetic effect in modern management. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 175, 33-39. Ghazinoory, S., Mansoureh, A., Mandana, A.M. (2011). Swot Methodology: A State-of-the-Art Review for the Past, A Framework for the Future. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 12(1), 24-48.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How to Integrate SWOT and QFD in an Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kumar, A., Jiju, A., Dhakar, T. (2006). Integrating quality function deployment and benchmarking to achieve greater profitability. Benchmarking:An International Journal,13(3) , 290-310. This essay on How to Integrate SWOT and QFD in an Organization was written and submitted by user Camryn Campos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Different Types Of Sustainable Tourism Tourism Essays

Different Types Of Sustainable Tourism Tourism Essays Different Types Of Sustainable Tourism Tourism Essay Different Types Of Sustainable Tourism Tourism Essay Law thinks that Tourism has become one of the largest and most influential industries in the universe. It has created incomputable value for the environment, societies and civilizations. ( as cited in Seldjan and Donald, 2009 ) But at the same clip, touristry as an characteristic industry has its ain guilt and detrimental effects in socio-cultural and environmental footings ( Opperman and Chon, 1997 as cited in Nevenka, 2002 ) . With the planetary accent on sustainable development, a turning proportion of the touristry research has paid attending on the sustainable touristry. Although a elaborate treatment of sustainability is hard, but in order to understand the positions are emerging of sustainable touristry now, and can work out utile schemes about the hereafter development of touristry at finish countries. ( Hunter,2002 ) The purpose of this essay is through understanding the definition and discoursing different types of sustainable touristry ( ST ) to happen new attack and do new scheme to accomplish ST. This paper begins with the readings of the construct of sustainable development ( SD ) and definition of ST. Then will discourse the cardinal information of Tourism, for illustration the two types of it. Concluding measure is to necessitate recommended schemes and attacks. Sustainable Development As the World Commission on Environment and Development s Report ( WCED ) , the definition of SD is Sustainable development is development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain needs. It involves within it two cardinal constructs, the first is to run into the demands of the universe s hapless precedence. The 2nd is purely limit the position quo of engineering and societal organisation on the environment s ability in order to run into the demands in nowadays and hereafter. Argument has described such correlate of import constructs as: SD needs to prehend the chance to fulfill their desire to do life better ; At least SD must non endanger the nature systems that provide resources for life on Earth ; SD requires that the rate of ingestion of non-renewable resources should cut down as few hereafter options as possible ; SD must protect the works and animate beings species and cut down the inauspicious impacts on H 2O and the quality of air in order to keep the overall unity of the ecosystem. ( Geneva, 1987 ) Turner argued that Interpretation of SD can be divided into the scope from really strong to really weak . ( as cited in Hunter, 1997 ) There are four major SD places and two cardinal issues of argument are selected for amplification. Weak sustainability places highlight the possibility of capital permutation and the strength of the proficient procedure to to relieve resource ingestion and pollution jobs. Strong sustainability places Recognize the chief value of the care of ecosystem map and unity through human resources. ( Hunter, 1997 ) Sustainable touristry With the popularisation of the construct of sustainable development in the WCED, the same as other industries and Fieldss of academic research, sustainable touristry besides responded to the construct of sustainable development. World Tourism Organization expressed sustainable touristry merely as Tourism that takes full history of its current and future economic, societal and environmental impacts, turn toing the demands of visitants, the industry, the environment and host communities. Sustainability rules related to environmental, economic and socio-cultural facets of touristry development, these three countries is of import to represent a suited balance in order to guarantee its long-run sustainability. So ST should: take full advantage of environmental resources to keep indispensable ecological procedures and the protection of natural heritage and biodiversity, which is the cardinal factor in sustainable touristry development. Respect for the genuineness of the socio-cultural and protect their original civilization and traditional values while advancing inter-cultural apprehension and tolerance. Ensure economic long-run operation for an just distribution of socio-economic benefit to all stakeholders. Benefit include stable employment, chances of income earing and societal services. At same clip contribute to the hapless country. ( unwto, 2012 ) ST as sawed-off forms to two variants-light viridities ( LG ) and dark green ( DG ) by Hunter ( 2002 ) . Under normal fortunes, these two discrepancies are applicable to different degrees, from the person concern up to a national touristry development program or policy statement. Peoples adhere to the DG merely like pupils are more interested in ecology, geographics and the environmental scientific disciplines in the school, and are likely to stand for positions from prophylactic or knowledge-based positions by Jafari ( 1989 ) . And advocators of LG merely like pupils who merely focus on usage which natural resources can acquire profit, and are likely to show positions from advocator and adaptancy positions by Jafari ( 1989 ) . ( Hunter, 2002 ) An illustration of sustainable touristry is around Rimini, Italy and Calvia, Spain. It is a Life Environment undertaking. Its called Strategies and Tools for Sustainable Tourism in Mediterranean Coastal Areas. After about four million tourers descend each twelvemonth, their beaches and the finishs are hunt for associate economic and societal facets to esteem the environment. This undertaking has three actions include: A comprehensive scheme for the direction of coastal countries in mass touristry finishs. Help private operators improve environment public presentation. Enhance tourer and circuit operator consciousness on environmental issues. ( sustainabletourism, 2012 ) Mass touristry and Alternate touristry There are two cardinal signifiers in ST that are Mass touristry ( MT ) and Alternate touristry ( AT ) . Vanhove argue that Mass touristry is a batch of people enjoy going in the same topographic point, which is its first characteristic. The term aa‚Â ¬Amass touristry means that the vacation is standardized, stiffly packaged and inflexible ( as cited in Julien ) Mass touristry has dominated the full touristry industry for many old ages, more and more negative impacts of environment, people began to pay attending to a new signifier of tourism-alternative touristry. Increase involvement in alternate touristry is besides weaken mass touristry. ( Julien ) Academic wage more and more attending in alternate touristry, Alternative touristry has been a assortment of accounts, such as Weaver A ; Lawton ( 2002 ) argued that is polarized antonym and replacement for mass touristry ( as cited in Rami.K.I, 2010 ) and Butler ( 1992 ) argued that is yet others speak of a transmutation in all touristry towards more benign signifiers ( as cited in Rami.K.I,2010 ) Harmonizing to comparing between mass touristry and alternate touristry of Butler ( 1990: cited in Gartner, 1996. P.338-342 ) General Features: the fast development is MT features, it focus on growing the economic but ignore environment issues and sociol jobs. The development will go unmanageable cause MT, it merely concentrate on develop rapidly instead than sustainable development. As focal point on environmental and societal factors that AT development is slow, but seek to happen the economic benefits from a long-run position. Tourist Behaviour: a big figure of tourer would wish travel to purchase the keepsake, but they did non recognize the tradition civilization deeply in MT. A little group of tourer who like to hold a conversation with local people and genuinely be effected by civilization. Basic Requirements: Meitneriums have two utmost consequences of development, because it has seasonality. AT can be anytime. The last comparing is Tourism Development Schemes: many scenic are being overdeveloped, take to cut down the proportion of traditional industries, eventually the local people did non acquire benefit yet in MT. Rely more on the local labour force and the original beginning of financess to develop itself in AT. ( as cited in Narueporn. L, 1999 ) Complexity of the touristry system Simple method can non understand the touristry as stakeholders in a complex system of stakeholders. External and internal can impact all types of stratification, including subsystems, and influenced by related behaviour will take a unpredictable consequences. For touristry industry it is necessary to understand the relationship, significance, underlying values and issues of each faculty of complex system and need ability balance for each parts that can better sustainable touristry development. ( Janine.R.M, 2009 ) There are some features of complex touristry system. First is a big figure of foundations and agents, its impaction is flexibility reciprocality. Second is polystage and decked in nature. Third newness outgrowth ceaseless and self-organisation. Fourthly it has possible that input a small to the system can hold distinguishable alteration. These features were summarized by Cilliers, 1998 ; Coveney A ; Highfield, 1995 ; Geldof, 1995 ; Prigogine A ; Stengers, 1985 ; Waldrop, 1992. ( as cited in Janine.R.M, 2009 ) Challenges, new strategic and attack There is a major challenge to sustainability for now and the hereafter, how to specify sustainable touristry, and this definition need intermix into the environmental factors used in concurrence. ( Randy J.V. A ; Megha.B, 2011 ) another is hard to make balance of each of stakeholders which base on protect environment. ( Nicolae.C and Cristina.P, 2010 ) So happen an appropriate strategic and attack is of import. Hall ( 2000 ) notes that scheme of sustainable touristry planning and development seeks is to accomplish that addition experience of common influence between the visitants and resources while protecting the resource value, to maximise protect who is the stakeholders of their state s economic, societal and environmental. ( as cited in Lisa, R, 2010 ) There is am attacks called community- based attacks. Kirsten and Rogerson ( 2002 ) argued It provides greater chances of involve the local concern by combine with limited environmental and societal impacts. ( as cited in Gianna, 2007 ) Hall ( 2005 ) thought this attacks are popular for touristry, because local stakeholders tough it can understand that the determinations about the types and locations of proposed touristry development. ( as cited in Gianna, 2007 ) Decision Tourism is an of import industry of the procedure of achieve sustainable development. It has been assist a batch of states developed, and contribute for economic in whole universe. But environmental and societal jobs besides emergent in present clip. So it is necessary transportation original signifier of development, that is sustainable development. For touristry industry is sustainable touristry. In this paper, harmonizing to a batch of writers perspective, it help readers recognize definition and feature of ST and SD easy. SD is the foundation of long-run economic operation that can run into demands and make better life. ( Geneva, 1987 ) This paper besides discuss two key signifiers of touristry. Both MT and AT affect the environment and economic. Detail about feature of each signifier is in MT and AT portion. Besides discuss the complex touristry system, it is necessary to equilibrate ability of each faculty. Finally harmonizing to sum up challenge to happen new strategic and attacks to accomplish ST. The cardinal point of strategic and attacks is develop economic at the same clip must non destruct environment. ( Geneva, 1987 )

Social and Ethical Dimensions of Information and communication Research Paper

Social and Ethical Dimensions of Information and communication Technology - Research Paper Example This in turn has lead to job displacements in huge numbers. The use of information communication technology requires less deployment of man power which in turn has forced some companies to reduce their workforce, while others giving their employees more roles than required with fewer benefits which lead to increased work pressure. In a business environment, security is a serious issue of consideration as a result of increased cases of theft and related vices. In effort to curbing the challenge of insecurity, surveillance cameras developed with proper databases are installed to monitor and survey the environment and activities through this technology. In many nations, Closed Camera Televisions are commonly used in crimes department to deal with crime cases. Besides having high security benefits, introduction of CCTV has nevertheless resulted to infringement of privacy and freedoms of various individuals within the area under surveillance. This is because privacy is an important aspect and a fundamental human right. The dilemma in this case here is that, the introduction of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) has enhanced security and the expense of individuals’ freedom and privacy. Consequently, the installation of CCTV in public places has deteriorated human privacy and freedom. Reviewing J.S. Mill’s perspective of utilitarianism, the importance of the introduction and use of CCTV is judged by its effects2. The numerous positive consequences that have come along with the introduction of CCTV in the society, it is well seen that CCTV has highly assisted in curbing crimes hence many private companies view the use of CCTV surveillance as a good idea judged by the fact of its practical benefits. As a result, it is arguable that CCTV is helping should remain in place for its benefits. Secondly, comparing the issue of high security to deteriorated privacy, CCTV’s advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The challenge is whether CCTV should remain in position

CRITICAL REFLECTION ON ROLE PLAY MDT CASE CONFERENCE Essay

CRITICAL REFLECTION ON ROLE PLAY MDT CASE CONFERENCE - Essay Example Reflection is an integral method of self reviewing in healthcare professionals which will help them professionally to deliver care in the future (Aveyard et al., 2011). To consider reflection healthcare professionals should be open minded, must have innovative thinking, and open to criticism (Johns, 2009; Bulman and Schutz, 2008 and Aveyard et al., 2011). In the end I will identify my learning needs which I can improve in the future practice (Aveyard et al., 2011). The scenario involved a 16 years old child named Sarah, who was recently admitted to the Accident and Emergency (A&E) department for the treatment of hyperglycemia. She was well known to the staff of the pediatric ward as she is frequently admitted to the ward with recurring diabetes which also leads to depression in her. We were arranged in a group of twelve people and asked to complete a role play on a MDT meeting. The health professionals who were included in MDT conference were the chair person, the diabetes pediatric nurse specialist, the pediatric nurse specialist, the adult consultant, the ward manager, one nurse from the adult ward, two dietitian specialized in diabetic management, one nurse specialist, two psychologists specialized in the care of chronic disease, one school nurse and a social worker. The patient and her mother were also present at the meeting; consent was given as per the protocol of Nursing and Midwifery Council [NMC], 2008.The rationale for choosing these roles was to establish and offer Sarah an integrated care by a multidisciplinary pediatric diabetes care team. To optimize the effectiveness of care we included members who were appropriately trained and had requisite knowledge on the clinical, psychological and lifestyle issues for children and young adults as per the guidelines of National Institute for Clinical Excellence [NICE], 2004. I took over

Romanesque art- art history Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Romanesque art- art history - Coursework Example As a result, the form is a simple Romanesque architecture with two large arches intersecting each other to form a unique pattern. To understand the Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art, it is necessary to critique different books which will illuminate on the effectiveness of the books in expounding on Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art. It is imperative to critique the literature on the zodiac in pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art by analyzing the sorts of artworks used, the circumstances under which they were used, their physical arrangement and the related subjects. The most common construction material in the Romanesque period was stone which was constructed into a multi- storey entrance faà §ade that appeared to have a geometrical inspiration. Typical structure had huge vaults and arches. The reason for analysis of Romanesque art using the churches is because the structures designed for Romanesque churches were different from other buildings which were being set up at that time (1). For instance, other structures never used vaulting for large structure but only for structures that were relatively small scale. However, the Romanesque churches utilized masonry vaulting that entailed massive barrel vaults which made it mandatory to provide reinforcement necessary to push the lateral outward thrust on the load-bearing walls. Simona Cohen, The Romanesque Zodiac: Its Symbolic Function on the Church Faà §ade will be used to analyze the Romanesque art, the sculpture and the associated subjects in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art. The Romanesque Zodiac: Its Symbolic Function on the Church Faà §ade is the fifth chapter in his book, Transformations of time and temporality in Medieval and Renaissance art. The book has been presented in a rather simple way with a blend of literature and art. The art used in the book are the

Organised Crime and the Criminal Justice Process

Organised Crime and the Criminal Justice Process This essay will begin with a brief outline of the historical work of organised crime. Then the definition of organised crime will be given with examples of areas associated with organised crime. The Criminal Justice Process will then be explained and the role of the Serious Organised Crime Agency including the Assets Recovery Agency with statistics showing the economic and social impact of organised crime. Finally a brief outline of Cohen’s view of organised crime will be given and the role of the victims of crime as key players in the Criminal Justice Process and ending with Box’s clues to understand most serious crimes. According to King et al; (2000) â€Å"the battle over the origins of organized crime is one being constantly fought, and historians have utilized archive data, such as police and judicial reports, economic evidence, pamphlets, diaries and biographies, to disinter the professional and organized criminal†. Furthermore, King et al; (2000) states that â€Å"organised crime seems to have been a feature of British society from Elizabethan times onwards and British studies of professional criminals, some of them displaying elements of organization, indicate a wide range of activities†. However, by the eighteenth century professional and organized criminal gangs, armed with a variety of criminal strategies from petty theft and violence to fraud, were firmly established in Britain (King et al; 2000). Criminals not only established their activities in London where the market place was most affluent and the control of the emerging working class was at its most ineffective, but also in coastal, rural and provincial areas (King et al; 2000). The definition of Organised crime is broadly seen as economically motivated offending which involves more than two people (Hale et al; 2005). Furthermore, Hale et al; (2005) suggests that â€Å"unlike legally defined crimes or predicate offences such as murder, drug trafficking and money laundering, organised crime tends to be confined to its structures and relationships and the general nature of crimes committed by such associations†. According to Hale et al; (2005) Article 2 of the ‘United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime’ states that an â€Å"organised criminal group must have at least three members operating in concert to commit a serious crime as part of an internally structured organization which has been in existence over a period of time preceding and subsequent to the commission of the criminal act†. Whilst such a definition provides a general framework of understanding, it can in practice undermine effective law enforcement responses (Hale et al; 2005). An organised crime group can include anything from a four person, low level racketeering group to a highly complex, international networks involved in human trafficking or money laundering (Hale et al; 2005). Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers Furthermore according to Marshall, (1998) â€Å"organised crime is a term used for situations where a large number of people in a hierarchical structure are engaged in an on-going pattern of criminal activities†. The most common areas associated with organised crime are extortion and the provision of illegal goods and services, such as drink, drugs, gambling, money laundering and prostitution (Marshall, 1998). According to Marshall, (1998) â€Å"these activities involve continuous relations with the victims or clients, who have contact with the lower echelons of the organization†. In order to succeed organised or syndicate crime involves some element of corruption or intimidation of the police or other law enforcement agents (Marshall, 1998). Marshall, (1998) suggests that â€Å"organised crime is often thought to be synonymous with a secret society, such as the Tongs of the Chinese diaspora, the Camorra of the nineteenth century Naples and the Mafia of Sicily and Costa Nostra in the United States†. Although, according to Marshall, (1998) â€Å"it seems more likely that if such societies exist at all, they do not actually run criminal activities, but rather act as a fraternal organisations for some of the racketeers†. On the other hand, according to Marshall, (1998) â€Å"organised crime is associated with violence and threats in the course of extortion, but also in the maintenance of control over subordinates, and struggles for power within groups and the struggles for monopoly control between groups†. Furthermore, Hale et al; (2005) points out that â€Å"organised crime can be argued as primarily a reactive phenomenon, exploiting gaps in a diverse and lucrative market†. Also according to Hale et al; (2005) â€Å"Its clientele are, for the most part, ‘ordinary’ folk who seek, alternative routes to satisfying needs unmet or proscribed by the legislatures of the countries they inhabit or pass through†. However, according to Hale et al; (2005) â€Å"In many cases clients are also victims, obliged or enticed into cooperation, as in the trafficking of women and children and in areas of economic decline and acute social inequality organised crime can provide alternative employment and a reinstatement of status, a situation currently common in former communist states†. According to Kelbie, (2007) â€Å"Human trafficking is a growing trade and it is estimated that around 700,000 people are trafficked in Europe every year, and most of them are women and girls who are forced into prostitution, while others are brought in to work illegally†. Furthermore, Kelbie, (2007) estimates â€Å"that 4,000 women are trafficked into Britain each year and are forced to work in the multi-million pound sex industry†. As more numbers of Eastern European and African Girls are trafficked into Britain, some as young as 12 years old, the traffickers are shifting their trade outside major cities (Kelbie, 2007). Consequently, as a result of this growing trade in Human Trafficking, Glasgow is the only city outside London to provide help and support to victims of sexual exploitation (Kelbie, 2007). Furthermore, according to Kelbie, (2007) â€Å"the city’s organised sex industry is worth approximately 7 million pounds a year, earned from the exploitation of women who are forced to work in saunas, private flats and as escorts†. The women forced to work in these places are regularly sold and re-sold between organised criminals operating in all of Britain’s major cities (Kelbie, 2007). Meanwhile, there are millions of incidences of online crime in Britain each year (Sharp, 2007). Furthermore, according to Sharp, (2007) â€Å"around 3 million internet crimes were committed in the UK last year and one of the most common is identity theft†. In 2004, two people were arrested in connection with an internet crime ring, the Shadow Crew, who planned to defraud consumers and banks out of hundreds of millions dollars (Sharp, 2007). British organised crime has it’s ‘families’ modelled along the lines of Mafia families in the United States. One of the most powerful recent criminal families has been the Arifs from Stockwell, in South London. They were involved in armed robberies and drug smuggling in the 1980s, and also owned a string of pubs, restaurant and clubs, and it is certain that these establishments were bought from the proceeds of their criminal activities (Giddens, 1977). According to Giddens, (1977) â€Å"Bekir Arif was jailed for five years at the end of the 1980s after being convicted of robbery with violence, and the reign of the Arifs ended in the early 1990s, following a series of police operations†. The head of the family, Dogan Arif is currently serving a fourteen year prison sentence for his part in a  £8.5 million drug smuggling deal (Giddens, 1977). In order to regulate and manage the risks that organised crime presents, investigation and law enforcement play important roles in bringing offenders to justice. According to Davies et al; (1998) â€Å"in exploring what a criminal justice aims to do, we need to distinguish between the goals of the system as a whole, and the functions of the different agencies who make up the system†. The cross-system goals of the criminal justice system according to Davies et al; (1998) are â€Å"protecting the public by preventing and deterring crime, by rehabilitating offenders and incapacitating others who constitute a persistent threat to the community, upholding and promoting the rule of law and respect for the law, by ensuring due process and proper treatment of suspects, arrestees, defendants and those held in custody, successfully prosecuting criminals and acquitting innocent people accused of crime†. Furthermore, â€Å"maintaining law and order, punishing criminals with regard to the principles of just deserts, and registering social disapproval of censured behaviour by punishing criminals, and finally aiding and advising the victims of crime†(Davies et al; 1998). The ‘National Crime Squad’ was put into effect by the Police Act 1997 and came into operation on the 1st April 1998 (Newburn, 2003). Furthermore, it merged with all regional crime squads. They targeted serious and organised crime, such as immigration crime, illegal arms and drug trafficking crimes and money laundering and counterfeiting (Davies et al; 2005). Following the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005, the Serious Organised Crime Agency was created and the agency officially came into being in April 2006, and its function was to tackle the growing problem of international criminal gangs. (Home Office, 2008). The agency was formed from the amalgamation of the National Crime Squad, the National Criminal Intelligence Service, the National Hi-Tech Crime Unit, the investigative and intelligence sections of HM Revenue and Customs on serious drugs trafficking and the UK Immigration Service responsible for organised immigration crime (Home Office, 2008). The Serious Fraud Office continues to be a separate agency. According to the (Home Office, 2008) â€Å"the economic and social impact of organised crime in the UK is staggering and statistics show that global profits from people smuggling is estimated to be $10 billion annually, 280,000 problem drug users cause half of all crime, every  £1 spent on heroin is estimated to generate about  £4 of damage to the national economy and there are around 400 organised crime bosses in the UK with an amassed criminal wealth of approximately  £440 million†. The economic and social cost of organised crime is estimated to be in the region of  £20 to  £40 billion per year (Home Office, 2008). Furthermore, the Home Office, (2004) strategic plan for Criminal Justice 2004-2008 was â€Å"the criminal justice process will relentlessly target the top 15-20 prolific offenders in each Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership area, and more in bigger areas, and give the police, the Crown Prosecution Service and the |Serious Organised Crime Agency the powers they need to take on the most serious and organised criminals†. Also, the police, Crown Prosecution Service, courts and other agencies like the Serious Organised Crime Agency would be able to keep at least 50% of the value of all the criminal assets they help to seize (Home Office, 2004). The recovery of criminal assets would be the role of the Assets Recovery Agency which was set up under the Proceeds of Crime act 2002 and plays an important part in the government’s plans to seize the profit out of crime, and separate and prevent the criminal organizations from continuing with their activities by removing the money which motivates their activities and their major source of income (Assets Recovery Agency, 2008). Meanwhile, the (Assets Recovery Agency, 2008) has three strategic aims â€Å"to disrupt organised criminal enterprises through the recovery of criminal assets, thereby alleviating the effect of crime on communities, to promote the use of financial investigation as an integral part of criminal investigation, within and outside the Agency, domestically and internationally, through training and continuing professional development and to operate the agency in accordance with its vision and values†. As, the Assets Recovery Agency was formed to stop organised criminal activities through the recovery of assets, on the 16th January 2007, the government introduced the Serious Crime Bill to Parliament setting out their suggestion to amalgamate the operational elements of the Assets Recovery Agency with the Serious Organised Crime Agency, and the Agency’s training and accreditation function with the National Policing Improvement Agency (Assets Recovery Agency, 2008). On the 1st April 2008 the operational section of the Assets Recovery Agency merged with the Serious Organised Crime Agency. Commenting on the merger Hughes, of SOCA, (2008) said â€Å"we are gaining important skills and expertise with the arrival of Assets Recovery Agency staff and we welcome them into SOCA. Now that the merger has taken place we will get on with the job that parliament want us to do, namely depriving crooks of their ill-gotten gains†. However, the Home Office minister Coaker, of SOCA, (2008) said that â€Å"assets recovery is critical in the fight against all levels of crime and we are determined to stop criminals profiting from crimes which affect the lives of law abiding majority†. Meanwhile, Goggins, SOCA, (2008) said â€Å"this merger will strengthen the fight against crime in Northern Ireland as it combines the intelligence expertise of SOCA with the hands on practical experience of ARA. This combination will make the recovery of assets even more effective and strengthen our fight against those who profit from organised crime†. Under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 on 17th January 2008 the Asset Recovery Agency recovered assets worth at least  £4 million from the High Court in Belfast. Also, on 5th February 2008 the agency obtained a Civil Recovery Order in the High Court in London worth an estimated  £750,000 from a couple who had obtained the assets through the human trafficking of people, mainly from Eastern Europe into Britain to work in brothels (Assets Recovery Agency, 2008). According to the Home Office, (2008) â€Å"the Serious Organised Crime Agency Second Annual Report showed another record year in the war against drugs with almost 90 tonnes of class A drugs seized with partners at home and abroad, a 20 per cent increase on the previous year. The cocaine alone, cut to usual UK street quality, could have realised  £6bn†. Furthermore, according to the Home Office, (2008) â€Å"53 disclosure notices, requiring individuals to co-operate with investigations by producing documents or answering questions, and 46 warnings on crime threats issued to over 2,500 private sector organisations throughout the UK. Meanwhile, the Home office, (2008) quotes â€Å"over  £46m criminal assets restrained by the domestic courts†. All SOCA operations now include financial investigations with an additional 35 financial investigators appointed during 2007/2008. According to Wright, (2006) â€Å"For Cohen, it is necessary to map the interactions, processes and patterned relationships both within and outside organisations in a more holistic way. It is necessary to establish the social context of the criminal activities of ‘organised criminals’, as well as the structure of their associations†. Furthermore, for Wright, (2006) â€Å"Cohen points out that criminology has done little work on the nature of organisational processes in crime groups. It has overlooked such things as recruitment, socialisation of members within organisations, and the way in which subcultures are developed and maintained. It has also to a large extent ignored such things as the protection and insulation of participants from the impact of conventional moral definitions†. For Cohen, according to Wright, (2006) â€Å"criminal groups should be subject to assessment of their internal structures and to analysis of all societal activity as it bears upon the production of their criminal behaviour. It is necessary to show that the functional problems of human systems take a distinctive form in criminal enterprise and that this distinctiveness provides a justification for the specialised study of criminal organisation†. Victims of crime are now recognised as key players in the Criminal Justice Process. According to Zedner, (2002) â€Å"without the cooperation of the victim in reporting crime, furnishing evidence, identifying the offender, and acting as a witness in court, most crimes would remain unknown and unpunished. The reliance of the Criminal Justice System on the victim has proved to be a powerful bargaining tool in the recognition of the victims’ interests†. The Victims Charter was first published by the Home Office in 1990 and at the time signified an important way forward in the recognition of victims’ interests, though it had been criticized for offering little by way of enforceable standards (Zedner, 2002). The clues to understanding most serious crimes according to Box, (1983) â€Å"can be located in power, not weakness, in privilege, not disadvantage, in wealth, not poverty†. In conclusion, since the launch of the Serious Organised Crime Agency in April 2006 and the merging of the Assets Recovery Agency in April 2008, the Criminal Justice process in dealing with serious organised crime has had a huge impact on criminal gangs operating within the UK, with the recovery of their assets from their criminal activities and to make it harder for them to continue in their criminal ways. BIBLIOGRAPHY Assets Recovery Agency, (2008), â€Å"Making Sure Crime Doesn’t Pay†. Available at: http://www.assetsrecovery.gov.uk http://www.assetsrecovery.gov.uk/AboutARA/AimsandObjectives/ http://www.assetsrecovery.gov.uk/AboutARA/History/ Box, S. (1983), Power, Crime and Mystification, Tavistock Publications, London. Davies, M; Croall, H. and Tyrer, J. (1998), Criminal Justice: An Introduction to the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales, (2nd Edition), Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow, Essex. Davies, M; Croall, H. and Tyrer, J. (2005), Criminal Justice: An Introduction to the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales, (3rd Edition), Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow, Essex. Giddens, A. (1997), Sociology, Polity Press, Cambridge. Hale, C; Hayward, K; Wahidin, A. and Wincup, E. (2005), Criminology, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Home Office, (2004), Cutting Crime, Delivering Justice: A Strategic Plan for Criminal Justice 2004-08. Home Office, London. Home Office, (2008), â€Å"Organised and International Crime†. Available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/organised-crime/ Kelbie, P. (2007) â€Å"Kirk acts on human trafficking in Scotland†. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/may/20/humanrights.internationalcrime/print King, D.R; and Wincup, E. (2000), Doing Research on Crime and Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Marshall, G. (1998), Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Newburn, T. (2003), Crime and Criminal Justice Policy, Harlow, Pearson. News Distribution Service, (2008), Home Office (National), â€Å"Tackling serious organised crime in new and different ways†. Available at: http://nds.coi.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?ReleaseID=367603NewsAreaID=2Navig.. Proceeds of Crime Update, (2008). Available at: http://www.assetsrecovery.gov.uk/MediaCentre/ProceedsOfCrimeUpdate/2008/ Serious Organised Crime Agency, (2008), â€Å"Merger of SOCA and ARA strengthens Government drive to deprive criminals of their assets†. Available at: http://www.soca.gov.uk Sharp, R. (2007), â€Å"Cybercrime†: Uncovered. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/cybercrime-uncove Wright, A. (2006), Organised Crime, William Publishing, Devon. Zedner, L. (2002), ‘Victims’, in M. Maguire; R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds), The |Oxford Handbook of Criminology (3rd edition), Oxford University Press.

Problems in the Further Implementation of Sage Philosophy :: Philosophical Africa Essays

Problems in the Further Implementation of Sage Philosophy ABSTRACT: With the recent death of Prof. H. Odera Oruka, founder of the ‘sage philosophy’ school of research based at the University of Nairobi, there is a need to look at some now-problematic issues. I suggest that the original impetus for starting the sage philosophy project-the defense against Euro-American skeptics who thought Africans incapable of philosophizing-has been outgrown. The present need for studies of African sages is to benefit from their wisdom, both in Africa and around the world. I also suggest that the title ‘sage’ has to be problematized. While there were good reasons to focus earlier on rural elders as overlooked wise philosophers, the emphasis now should be on admiring philosophical thought wherever it may be found—in women, youth, and urban Africans as well. In such a way, philosophy will be further relevant to people’s lives, and further light will be shed and shared regarding the lived experience in Africa. Odera Oruka’s Own Criticism of Sage Philosophy Despite his pride in launching what many consider an important project in African philosophy, the writings of Odera Oruka himself express some doubts about the project. For example, in his essay "Philosophy in East Africa and the Future of Philosophical Research in Africa," he seems to refer to his own project as one of passing historical significance. There, after criticizing Tempels and other ethnophilosophers, he admits that he himself "indulge(s) in some kind of anthropological-cum-philosophical research." He said projects like his own sage philosophy and Sumner's researches into historical texts of Ethiopian philosophy were necessary at that historical point, but would soon give way to nationalist-ideological and professional-technical philosophy, trends he saw as more central to the future of African philosophy. In "Sage Philosophy Revisited," he states that "sage philosophy started as a reaction to a position which Europeans had adopted about Africa that Africans are not capab le of philosophy." So, does this imply that once Europeans change their perceptions of Africans, there will no longer be a need for professional philosophers to search out the ideas of wise rural sages? Even in this late essay, Odera Oruka continues to suggest that his work merely serves as a "base" for other forms of philosophy which will emerge in the future, but which he can't imagine right now. By "base" he seems to mean a collection of texts to which professional academic philosophers can turn, instead of always consulting European ones [Odera Oruka (1996, Ch.

International management and change Essay

When Pascal made this statement, globalization had yet to take place. People lived in different societies remaining cut-off from each other. Each society had its own perception of truth and reality. Then came along the advancement in technology bringing along inventions such as computer, internet and telecommunications making the world a global village. Perceptions started changing as information flow across the globe happened at the speed of light. People from all across the globe started sharing their experiences with each other thus reducing the differences in various cultures. However, the act of globalization has yet to reach its peak. Cultural differences still exist within different societies and the level of information and technology is still heterogeneous around the globe. I would now highlight some distinguishing features of the management styles of various regions. We observe that the beliefs and values of people vary across various cultures. The Japanese work as a group and organizational system is based on community work. The reward system is based on the level of seniority and is also group based. The organizational structure is cooperation based whereas American organizations often are based on competitive style where individuals are rewarded based on their performance levels. Similarly the management style of French is also very different from that of US. French follow a more creative thinking pattern and do not like to adhere to strict rules and regulations. The European management style has some key points that distinguish it from the American management style. The European management style even differs within the European countries and two countries deserve a special focus — France and Germany — because, among other reasons, the bureaucrats in those countries have long been regarded as â€Å"mandarins† by the field of public administration (Dogan 1976). European management style can be classified into different clusters based upon Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner’s cultural variables (Goliath, 2004) according to which European management style can be sub-divided into: Anglo-Saxon culture (Ireland, UK, and USA), Nordic culture (Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Sweden, and Finland), Germanic culture (Austria, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland), Frankophile culture (France, Greece, Portugal, and Spain) and Italian culture. These cultures also differ greatly from the US and Japanese styles of management thus requiring different management practices. The pay for performance system can work with the European management style as employees in Europe are mostly achievement oriented and perform good work for better rewards. The cultural beliefs and values of Europeans are pretty much different from the people of US and hence the marketing techniques used in Europe should be different from those applied in US. For example, Europeans are very much reluctant to providing personal information as compared to US customers; also the credit card usage in Europe is considerably lower than in US (Heilbrunn, 1998). The introduction of new logo and implementation of matrix structure allowing a flatter organizational structure can work relatively better in the European business environment The company operations in South America demand a completely different approach as Latin American culture significantly differs from US culture in terms of communication process. The US culture emphasizes on completion of task and sentences are interpreted in their direct meaning. However Latin American society focuses on relationships and context of the communication may involve more than just the spoken words (Wederspahn, 2001). So the marketing and sales efforts in South American cannot be standardized with the US practices since the Latin American customers tend to perceive communication messages in a very different way from their US counterparts. The new logo can be introduced, however introduction of a flatter organization with matrix structure may not be feasible in South America as the type of culture prevalent in this society is not conducive to the working of non-hierarchical organizations. If we study the culture of Middle Eastern countries, it is found that the business practices again differ significantly from those of US. The business is mostly chaotic and based upon word of mouth rather than written agreements, the cultural values are mostly Islamic and respect for relationships is held supreme; also the marketing regulations in Middle Eastern countries are very strict as compared to US or rest of the world (Kwintessential Ltd). The middle eastern management style is mostly authoritarian and based upon Douglas McGregor’s Theory X motivational leadership style (Daniel Workman , 2008). Thus employees have little or no motivation to work on their own and will perform only when directed by the superiors. Thus bright managers from US and other Western states often try to avoid working in Middle East and so they must first be provided proper cultural training in authoritative styles thus enabling them to adapt to the management practices of the Middle East. The Australian business is more similar to that of US as compared to the rest of regions as described above. The language and dress code is pretty much similar. However, Australian society is strictly based upon egalitarian principle where nobody like being bossed around. People don’t like to consider others as superiors and there is almost no hierarchical system (Slideshare, 2009). So authoritarian style of management will not be welcomed in the Australian business. The meeting and negotiation styles as well as the general beliefs of the Australian society are pretty close to the American beliefs. However according to a study on behavior of 35,000 managers from Australia and New Zealand, the Australian managers consistently try to avoid responsibilities and do not take initiatives (Gettler, 2002). Thus FES should provide cultural and leadership training to Australian manager before implementing any kind of central strategy. Discrimination issues also prevail in Australia that can make life for foreign managers very difficult. However, recently steps have been taken to strongly implement anti-discrimination laws. The roles of front line managers are also changing in Australia as they are provided more and more freedom and responsibility (James Saville, & Mark Higgins, 1994). The sales and marketing strategy in Australia can be aligned with the US strategies relatively easily because of the similarity in both societies. So the dilemma of FES is choosing between centralized and decentralized approach. Centralization can be defined as, â€Å"the degree to which decision-making authority is kept at top levels of management. † while Decentralization can be defined as, â€Å"the degree to which decision making authority is pushed down to lower levels of the firm† (Schilling 2008). Both approaches have their own pros and cons. FES has seen tremendous growth over the years and has been expanding into new regions at a very quick rate. Thus the organization requires a large amount of flexibility in its decision making that can be provided by a decentralized approach. However, due to rapid expansion, the organization requires tighter control of finances and close monitoring of all its operations to reduce costs and maintain quality. These measures can be achieved through a more centralized approach. So what approach suits FES bests can be determined by a cost benefit analysis where each advantage and disadvantage of delegation authority has to be carefully analyzed in light of the company objectives. Thus aligning the decision making process with the vision of the organization. A centralized approach can benefit the organization by significantly reducing the administrative cost related to employee management. Infrastructure handling will also be more efficient and it will be easier for the headquarter to align organizational goals with the functional and departmental goals ( Dezaree Seeds, & Alan S. Khade , 2008). Centralized approach will also make reporting procedure simple resulting in standardized organizational policies. Thus in this way it will further help the organizational objective of flattening the organizational structure and in creation of a matrix organizational setup. A decentralized approach on the other hand can benefit the organization by providing flexibility and empowering employees at the divisional and functional level. As explained above, different regions in which FES is operating have different working environments and the condition of energy industry in Europe, Australia, Middle East, US and South East Asian regions are very different from each other. Thus decentralization of HR and marketing policies will allow the organization to cater to the customer needs in the ways most suited to specific regions. It will also allow greater local control and the ability to act quickly to gain local resources ( Dezaree Seeds, & Alan S. Khade , 2008). Decentralization will also allow the organization to better deal with the cultural diversity and provide training to the employees as and when the need arises. â€Å"One thing that business, institutions, governments and key individuals will have to realize is spiders and starfish may look alike, but starfish have a miraculous quality to them. Cut off the leg of a spider, and you have a seven-legged creature on your hands; cut off its head and you have a dead spider. But cut off the arm of a starfish and it will grow a new one. Not only that, but the severed arm can grow an entirely new body. Starfish can achieve this feat because, unlike spiders, they are decentralized; every major organ is replicated across each arm† (Beckstrom and Brafman 2008). The type of approach taken by FES depends upon the nature and present condition of the global energy industry. The energy industry around the world is in a continuous state of flux. As more and more energy companies around the world become private and become free from the control of state, the nature of competition is changing (ExxonMobil, 2004). Demand for power is increasing at an exponential rate and the competition from private as well as government owned companies is fierce. In the power generation sector, each country has established different laws and tariff rates for multinational organizations. Thus on a whole it seems wiser to maintain a decentralized organizational setup which is flexible enough to quickly respond to the changing conditions of the industry. FES should maintain its present functional structure by keeping the finance, production and HR departments centralized. However using the same marketing and sales techniques all across the globe has a lot of negative implications. Thus allowing the regional marketing departments to work according to their specific environment is the best possible option. So in order to maintain decentralization in the marketing and sales department, the top management has to establish strong ties with all of its regional departments. A strong organizational culture based upon a clear vision and mission of the company should be communicated to all of its employees. Perhaps FES can create a hybrid model which allows centralization of decision making with respect to financial and important managerial decisions and at the same time, the marketing campaign is allowed flexibility according to the specific needs of the region. A key concern for FES is to harmonize its rapid global growth. Power and gas generation has to be taken in new countries and new plants need to be setup. The international operations have expanded a lot and efforts must be made to consolidate the existing business while growing in new regions of the world. As part of the consolidation effort FES must conduct extensive employee training program instilling in each employee the vision and objective of the organization. The company should consolidate its major decision making power in the Headquarter thereby allowing Headquarter to maintain a close monitory system on all of its subsidiaries. By centralizing its finance and management activities, the company can also approve marketing budgets for different regions from its Headquarter, thus building coherence in the finance and marketing goals. However the marketing and sales strategies for each region should be decentralized thus instilling greater flexibility and freedom among marketing departments to cater to their local markets. The pay for performance system can work smoothly in few of the regions but as explained earlier, some regions such as Middle East and some parts of South East Asian cultures demonstrate a more hierarchical structure and it will be extremely difficult to introduce pay for performance system in these regions. Also the parameters should be clearly defined before introducing the pay for performance system in different regions. Because same results usually do not show same amount of performance in different regions. What kind of performance and what kind of pay should be decided and communicated to all regional offices. The parameters for monitoring performance should be based upon different standards for different regions. Similarly some of the major HR policies should be centralized but mostly HR of each region should be independent in choosing the who, what, when and where about its employees. For example, Middle Eastern region is very warm in summers as compared to the European region and the work habits and optimum level of work during different seasons is different for both these regions. Thus separate working policies should be established for each of the region. The R&D department should remain centralized at the American Head Office. As a centralized R&D approach is more beneficial for a company like FES which has not expanded business into a variety of categories (AB, 2001). However taking technological inputs from all across the globe may help the R&D department in improving its efficiency and effectiveness. Thus technological integration should be built where all global units of FES are directly integrated with its Head Office and the information flow between Head Office and different regions should be quick and efficient. The production department should carry out its role from the center, managing the manufacturing process across the globe from the Head Office. So it can be seen that different aspects of FES operations require different level of centralization and decentralization. Also different regions require different level of authority delegation based upon their internal environment and national cultures. It is relatively easier to introduce standard policies in Europe and Australia as both of these cultures are very similar to that of US. However, standardizing procedures across Middle East and South America is not a feasible option. The regional business units should remain decentralized as there should be some form of flexibility to make the decision making process quicker. The regional heads should be sent directly from the Head Office, however if some regions in Middle East are not being managed effectively by American managers, then leadership services of local managers should be availed after providing them extensive cultural training programs at the Head Office. The regional units should be linked to the Head Office through the fastest technology available so that there is no or little information gap between the center and regional units. Thus in light of the cultural differences prevailing in various regions of the world, the best suited approach should be to take a hybrid approach while showing some restrain in application of a centralized approach and making some variations in the standards for implementation in different regions. The integration of overall business can be achieved by proper use of technology and defining proper hierarchical system for flow of information between Head Office and various regional units.

The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Essay Example

The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Essay Example The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Paper The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Paper In clinical prediction, psychologists use their clinical experience to formulate a prediction based on interview impressions, history ATA and test scores (Melee, Clinical versus Statistical 4). The formula in the title refers to statistical or actuarial prediction. In actuarial prediction, clergies access a chart or table which gives the statistical frequencies of behaviors (Actuarial Prediction). Advocates of the clinical method say that clinical prediction Is dynamic, meaningful and sensitive but actuarial prediction Is mechanical, rigid and artificial (Melee, Clinical versus Statistical 4). On the other hand, advocates of the actuarial method claim that actuarial method Is empirical, precise and objective but alnico prediction Is unscientific, vague and subjective (Melee, Clinical versus Statistical 4). The controversy of clinical versus actuarial judgment is not limited to the field of psychology; it also affects education in terms of predicting school performance, criminal justice system in terms of parole board decisions and business in terms of personnel selection. Although this controversy can be traced back half a century ago, social scientists today are still asking: Which of the two methods works better? Can we view any prediction dichotomously as either clinical or actuarial? And, if actuarial predictions are more accurate, should we abandon clinical predictions all together? On one side of the controversy, some people feel that using mere numbers to determine whether students can enter graduate schools or whether prisoners should be released Is dehumidifying (Melee, Causes and Effects 374). In her book about social psychology, Thompson describes a young woman who complains that It Is horribly unfair that she has been rejected by the Psychology Department at university of California on the bases of mere numbers, without even n interview (88). When my psychology teacher surveyed our class on this issue, about 20 percent of students believe that it is unethical to make predictions based on mere numbers (Brenner). The crux of this ethical concern lies on the belief that each individual is so unique that rigid statistics or equations cannot make the correct prediction in every single case. Indeed, most psychologists agree that rigid statistics are not sensitive to special cases. Paul Mà ªlà ©es well-known broken-leg example Illustrates how the special powers of the clinician can predict behaviors ore accurately in some special cases: If a sociologist were predicting whether Professor X would go to the movies on a certain night, he might have an equation Involving age, academic specialty, and Introversion score. The equation might yield [a very high probability] that Professor X will go to the movie tonight. But if Professor X Ana Just Darken Nils leg Ana en Is In a nil cast Tanat wont NT In a denature seat, no sensible sociologist would stick with the equation. (Clinical versus Statistical 24-25) Essentially, it is very important for clinicians to detect the characteristics of each unique individual and make predictions accordingly because clinicians deal with individual cases; they make predictions for each unique individual, not for a group of people. Thus, it is the individual case that defines the clinician (Melee, Clinical versus Statistical 25). Because of the insensitivity of statistics to special cases and the importance of predicting individual cases, many psychologists argue that statistics simply cannot apply to individuals (Melee, Causes and Effects 374). They believe that clinicians can make predictions about individuals can transcend the predictions bout people in general (Melee, Causes and Effects 374). For example, Patriots emphasized in his research on personality inventory that: In [nonproductive] tests, the results of every individual examination can be interpreted only in terms of direct, descriptive, statistical data and, therefore, can never attain accuracy when applied to individuals. Statistics is a descriptive study of groups, not of individuals. (633) On the other side of controversy, advocates of the actuarial approach have questioned the logic behind the assumption that statistics do not apply to single individuals or events. Stanchion uses a very good analogy to illustrate the fallacy behind this assumption (179). He asks us whether we want our operation done by an experienced surgeon who has a low failure probability or an inexperienced surgeon who has a high failure probability (179). Of course, any rational man will choose the experienced surgeon. However, if we believe that probabilities do not apply to the single case, we should not mind to have our operation done by the inexperienced surgeon. This question brings us to think about the role of chance in making reductions. Stanchion noted: Reluctance to acknowledge the role of chance when trying to explain outcomes in the world can actually decrease our ability to predict real-world events Acknowledging that our predictions will be less than 100 percent accurate can actually help us to increase our overall predictive accuracy. (175) An experiment done by Fainting and Subsidiaries (58-63) demonstrates Stanchions last point that we must accept error in order to reduce error. In this experiment, the participant sits in front of a red light and a blue light and is asked to predict which eight will be flashed on each trial (60). The experimenter has programmed so that the red light will flash 70 percent of the time and the blue light 30 percent of the time (59). Participants quickly pick up the fact that the red light is flashing more, thus they predict the red light roughly 70 percent of the time and the blue light roughly 30 percent of the time (62). The problem is that they do not understand that if they give up on trying to predict correctly on every trial, they can actually be more accurate. We can demonstrate the logic of this situation through a calculation on 100 trials. In 70 of the 100 trials, the red light will come on and the participant will be correct on about 70 percent of those 70 trials. That means, in 49 of the 70 trials (70 times . 70), the participant will correctly predict that red light will flash. In the same way, we can calculation that approximately in 9 trials (30 times . 30), the participant will correctly predict that the blue light will flash. Therefore, the participant can only predict correctly 58 percent of the time (49 percent from the red light and 9 percent from the (B). However, IT ten participant simply gives up on getting every trial relent Ana just predicts the red light on every trial, he can predict correctly 70 percent of the time (because the red light will come on 70 percent of the time), which is 12 percent better than switching back and forth trying to get right on every trial. This is what Stanchion means by accepting error in order to reduce error. Research on this controversial issue has consistently indicated that actuarial prediction is more accurate than clinical prediction. In Paul Mà ªlà ©es classical book Clinical versus Statistical Prediction, he had reviewed 22 studies comparing clinical and actuarial prediction (83-126). Out of these 22 studies, twenty show that actuarial prediction is more accurate than clinical prediction. These twenty studies cover almost all the clinical prediction domain, including psychotherapy outcome, criminal recidivism, college graduation rates, parole behavior and length of psychiatric hospitalizing. A graduate student at JIBE had also done a study comparing clinical and actuarial prediction (Simmons 3). In this study, Simmons compared the predictions made by a regression equation and by two experienced counselors on the school performance of JIBE freshmen (Simmons 3). The results again indicate the actuarial prediction using the regression equation was more accurate (Simmons 64). In addition, a recent meta-analysis using 136 studies has also confirmed that actuarial prediction is better regardless of the Judgment task, type of Judges, or Judges amount of experience (Grove et al. 9). Researchers found that actuarial prediction substantially outperformed clinical prediction in 45 percent of the studies whereas clinical prediction was more accurate in only 10 percent of the studies (19). Regarding the research consistently showing that actuarial prediction is more accurate , Paul Melee said, There is no controversy in social science which shows such a large body of qualitatively diverse studies coming out so uniformly in the same direction as this one (373-374). Mà ªlà ©es actuarial stance is strongly challenged by Robert R. Holt, who is also a renowned clinical psychologist. Holt criticizes that the twenty studies Melee cited in his book only focus on the final step of the prediction-making process, which is making the prediction (339). Holt rejects the dichotomous classification of studies as clinical or statistical because in field settings, clinicians do not simply make a prediction by evaluating the given data (338). In field settings, before the clinician can make the prediction, he has to carefully identify the criterion he can predict and choose predictive variables he wants to use. (Holt 339-340). For example, if a counselor wants to predict the school performance of first year university dents, he first identifies the criterion he is able to predict; the criterion can be Gaps or average marks of the students, but it can also be the students lecture attendances. He also has to choose which predictive variables he should use; he may use the students entrance grades or their scores on an aptitude test or a combination of both. Then, finally, he can make the prediction using either an equation or his own Judgment. This example shows that even if the clinician uses actuarial approach in the final step of the prediction-making process, he still plays an important role in all the preceding steps. I agree with Holt that Melee has oversimplified the distinction between clinical and statistical prediction. I believe that we should view these two methods as falling on a continuum rather than make an all-or-none distinction. Some predictions that can be completely done on computers are more statistical toner protections, Tort wanly psychoanalysts need to collect Ana analyze data, are more clinical. I also agree with Holt that we should still value clinical judgment although it is not as accurate. Without clinical Judgment, scientists will to be able to form hypotheses and theories, and to analyze research results and data. Like Western and Weinberg said in their article reviewing this controversial issue, try as we might to eliminate subjectivity in science, we can never transcend the fact that the mind of scientists, clinicians or informants is the source of much of what we know (609). Nevertheless, when countless research findings point toward one direction, I think we should recognize that actuarial predictions are more accurate than clinical predictions (at least in the final step of the prediction-making recess). Some people think that using mere numbers to make predictions is dehumidifying. They feel that using an equation to forecast a persons action is treating the individual like a white rat or an inanimate object (Melee Causes and Effects 374). However, I argue that in certain cases, it is unethical to use clinical judgment when actuarial approach has shown to be accurate. For example, when a clinical psychologist makes a prediction about whether a student is going to commit suicide within a year, would it be more ethical to use the actuarial prediction that is here times more accurate than the clinical prediction (Brook et al. 03)? The answer to this question should be as obvious as the question about whether we want our operation done by an experienced or an inexperienced surgeon. By admitting that actuarial Judgment is more accurate, clinicians who engage in activities in the role of experts and imply that they have unique clinical knowledge of individual cases may lose prestige and income; however, the field of psychology, and society, will benefit if we underst and that accepting error is reducing error.

D para trabajar en cruceros en Estados Unidos

Visa C1/D para trabajar en cruceros en Estados Unidos La visa C1/D, tambià ©n conocida como de tripulacià ³n/trnsito, es utilizada por las personas contratadas por cruceros para poder transitar y embarcar en Estados Unidos. En este paà ­s la industria turà ­stica de los cruceros es enorme. Ms de 20 millones de personas se embarcan al aà ±o en un puerto de los Estados Unidos para disfrutar de sus vacaciones. En este contexto se precisan trabajadores en distintos mbitos (meseros, limpieza, entretenimiento, cocineros, barmans, belleza, mantenimiento, etc.). Entre las empresas de cruceros que necesitan un flujo continuado de trabajadores (tripulantes) se encuentran: AIDA Cruises, Azamara Club, Carnival Cruises Lines, Celebrity Cruises, Costa Cruises Lines, Cunard Line, Disney Cruise Line, Holland America line, MSC Cruises USA, Norwegian Cruise line, Princess Cruises y Royal Caribbean International. Y muchas de estas empresas contratan a trabajadores en otros paà ­ses, directamente o a travà ©s de agencias autorizadas. Cà ³mo se solicita la visa C1/D Primero se necesita pasar por un proceso de seleccià ³n y ser contratado por la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a del barco crucero en el que se va a trabajar. Es indispensable tener una carta oficial en la que se especifica que se ha sido contratado y presentarla en la Embajada o consulado en la que se tramita la visa. A continuacià ³n, llenar por internet el formulario DS-160. Est en inglà ©s, si no se entiende bien ese idioma ir  al ToolTip en la parte superior derecha de la pgina y elegir la opcià ³n de espaà ±ol. Si asà ­ se hace al poner poner el cursor sobre la pregunta aparecer la misma traducida al espaà ±ol. Dependiendo del consulado lo ms comà ºn es que hay que subir una foto digital durante este proceso. En algunas ubicaciones la foto se lleva a la entrevista. Fijarse bien en lo que se pide en cada caso. Al finalizar de llenar el formulario, imprimir la confirmacià ³n ya que este es un documento esencial que hay que llevar ms tarde a la entrevista en la Embajada o Consulado. Seguir las instrucciones que se indican al llenar el formulario para el pago del arancel (cancelacià ³n), en cada paà ­s se siguen reglas distintas, pero como al iniciar a llenar el documento se elige la ubicacià ³n pues simplemente se siguen las instrucciones a este respecto. Sin pago del arancel no ser posible realizar la cita para la entrevista. En la actualidad el costo de la visa C1/D es de $160 (aunque en algunos paà ­ses es ms por criterios de reciprocidad). Es posible, pero no ocurre siempre, que la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a reembolse esa cantidad. En algunos consulados tambià ©n ser necesario hacer una cita para que le tomen las huellas digitales antes de la entrevista. A continuacià ³n se programa una cita. En muchos consulados es necesario registrarse con un servicio de courier (mensajerà ­a), ya que si la visa es aprobada se enviar por este medio. Seguir las instrucciones cuando se llena el formulario DS-160. Entrevista en el consulado o Embajada El dà ­a de la cita a la hora programada, llevar: Pgina de confirmacià ³n del DS-160Una foto (a menos que se haya tenido que enviar digitalmente al llenar el DS-160, cada consulado tiene sus propias reglas).Pasaporte vigente en buen estado. Las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as de cruceros piden, en general, que la vigencia sea de al menos por un aà ±o.Pgina de registro con courier, cuando es necesario.Una carta formal del empleador con membrete impreso de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a, lo ms especà ­fica posible.Tambià ©n llevar documentacià ³n que sirva para probar que se tiene la intencià ³n de no quedarse en Estados Unidos (lo que sirva para probar lazos fuertes econà ³micos o familiares en el paà ­s de residencia). Tambià ©n se puede pedir demostrar que se tiene dinero suficiente para pagar el boleto para unirse a la nave en la que se va a trabajar, si esta parte de un puerto en USA. La visa C1/D es una visa no inmigrante y el oficial consular puede negarla si considera que el solicitante es inadmisible. Adems, o bien el dà ­a de la entrevista o bien antes (dependiendo del consulado) se tomarn las huellas del solicitante. Los là ­mites de la visa C1/D La visa C1/D es vlida por el tiempo que se especifica en la misma. Si caduca antes el pasaporte viajar con el nuevo y tambià ©n con el expirado en el que se encuentra la visa. La visa C1/D, aà ºn cuando està © sin expirar, no puede ser empleada para emplearse legalmente en Estados Unidos en otro tipo de trabajos (sà ­ que se puede cambiar de cruceros). Por ejemplo, un mesero contratado para un crucero con ese visado no puede quedarse en tierra para trabajar en un restaurante sin antes   obtener una visa distinta una que permita trabajar (lo cual no va a ser nada fcil). Tampoco sirve para permanecer en Estados Unidos si no hay un contrato vigente con una compaà ±Ãƒ ­a de cruceros. El problema de la visa C1 En algunos aspectos se considera que es una visa que puede ser problemtica porque no permite ajustar el estatus a las personas que entraron a los Estados Unidos utilizando ese tipo de visado. Eso quiere decir que si una persona ingresa con la C1 y decide quedarse en el paà ­s puede tener un problema grande si su estancia ilegal supera los 180 dà ­as, y mucho ms si supera el aà ±o. Asà ­, aunque se casase con un ciudadano americano o con un residente permanente legal o tuviera una ofera para una visa de trabajo o un empleador estuviese dispuesto a patrocinar una tarjeta de residencia no podrà ­a ajustar el estatus y tendrà ­a que salir del paà ­s. Y ahà ­ vendrà ­a el problema. Al salirse aplica el castigo de los tres y de los diez aà ±os y durante ese tiempo no podrà ­a regresar, excepto que pudiera pedir y ganar una waiver I-601, que no es fcil conseguirla. Ni siquiera pueden arreglar los papeles por medio del Parole in Place que aplica a los esposos de ciudadanos que son militares.   Para las personas que entrar con una C1 y se quedan en el paà ­s hay muy pocas opciones: asilo, cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n o withholding of removal. Pero son todas muy especà ­ficas y no fciles de obtener. Por estas razones, si tienes una C1 y ests pensando en quedarte en los Estados Unidos hazte un favor a ti mismo y consulta tu caso con un abogado de inmigracià ³n y entiende bien los problemas que pueden derivar de una decisià ³n de ese tipo. Cunto se gana trabajando en un crucero Estos son los salarios medio para tripulantes de crucero segà ºn tipo de profesià ³n que se desempeà ±e. Tambià ©n se incluye un listado de agencias especializadas en encontrar trabajo en cruceros a trabajadores extranjeros. Otras opciones de trabajo Puede considerarse las visas H-2A para trabajar como temporero en la agricultura o la visa H-2B que permite desempeà ±arse en labores tipo ferias, resorts de verano o invierno y similares. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.